Implementation toolkit
Staffing a CTE Pathway: Toolkit
About this toolkit
You cannot open a CTE pathway without a qualified lead instructor, and in fields like nursing the best candidates earn far more in industry than on a teacher salary schedule. This toolkit helps district and school leaders define the role, find candidates from industry, get them credentialed, and keep them, with nurse aide and electrical programs as worked examples.
Use it alongside the pathway guides. Each pathway guide names the instructor rules for that pathway in each state; this toolkit covers how to meet them. It applies to any CTE pathway, and the pathway tables will grow as more guides are added.
What research says about industry hires
Industry experience is an asset, but new CTE teachers from industry need deliberate support with teaching itself. The evidence is mostly from Washington State and national surveys, and none of it isolates nurses or electricians specifically.
- Students do at least as well with industry-route teachers. In Washington State, CTE students taught by teachers who entered through the business and industry route had fewer absences and disciplinary incidents and better grades and on-time graduation than students of traditionally prepared CTE teachers (Theobald, Goldhaber and Mallett Moore, CALDER, 2023; quasi-experimental, administrative data).
- Most industry entrants earned more as teachers, but that average hides high-wage fields. Washington CTE teachers who came from industry gained about $13,000 a year on average when they started teaching. The averages do not reflect fields like registered nursing, where industry pay is well above teacher pay (Dizon-Ross and others, AERA Open, 2026; descriptive).
- New teachers leave most often, and CTE turnover looks like turnover elsewhere. Nationally, being a novice was the strongest predictor of a CTE teacher leaving; salary had only a modest link (Nguyen and others, EdWorkingPaper 23-859, 2023; descriptive).
- Hard-to-staff CTE fields lose teachers to better-paying jobs. Teachers who left hard-to-staff CTE fields earned substantially more afterward (Kistler, Dougherty and Woods, Educational Researcher, 2024; descriptive).
- Workload and lesson planning surprise industry hires. Tennessee CTE directors reported that occupationally licensed teachers struggled most with workload, lesson planning and administrative tasks, and recommended mentoring, induction and teaching demonstrations in interviews (Tennessee Department of Education, 2016; small practitioner survey).
What this means for hiring: look for recent field experience, any prior experience teaching or training adults, and a realistic understanding of the job, and plan support for the first two years before you make an offer.
Teaching credential routes for industry hires
Every one of the seven states lets you hire a nurse or electrician without an education degree and let them start teaching while they finish teacher preparation. North Carolina is the exception for experience: its health science and construction licenses cannot be issued provisionally, so the hire must meet the experience rule on day one.
| State | Route for an industry hire | Experience required | Degree | Coursework while teaching |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Michigan | Annual Career Authorization, requested by the district when no certified teacher is available | 4,000 hours in the last 10 years | None | Mentor and individual development plan each year; renewable yearly up to 10 years |
| Virginia | Provisional License, then the Technical Professional License | Trades: license or apprenticeship plus 2 years at journeyman level. Health: license plus 2 years in the last 5 | None (health route needs a health occupations certificate or associate degree) | 9 semester hours plus 1 year of teaching |
| North Carolina | Initial Professional License, CTE Restricted route | RN: 2 years clinical nursing. Construction: 2, 4 or 6 years by degree level | RN diploma, ADN or BSN for health; none for construction | 18 semester hours plus induction, or the 2-year CTE New Teacher Institute, by end of year 3 |
| Arizona | Standard CTE Certificate, Option C | 6,000 verified work hours | None | 15 semester hours (rule says 3 years; ADE’s 2026 checklist says 4) |
| Pennsylvania | Career and Technical Experience-Based certificate, then Instructional I | 8,000 hours, or 4,000 hours plus a bachelor’s | None | 18 credits at an approved program; Experience-Based (Type 24), valid five calendar years, not renewable (CSPG 66, Dec. 2025; Confirmed) |
| Missouri | Career Education Temporary Authorization Certificate (CTAC; 5 CSR 20-400.180) | 6,000 hours with no degree (5,000 with an associate, 4,000 with a bachelor’s), in the last 10 years | None | 6 college credit hours per year to renew, with mentoring |
| Hawaii | CTE Permit, when no licensed teacher is available | 3 years full-time in the field | None | None stated for the permit; 5 years, renewable once |
Two add-ons sit on top of the teaching credential:
- Nurse aide. The instructor must also meet the state’s nurse aide trainer rule, which in every state requires an RN license and nursing experience, usually including long-term care. See the Nurse Aide Pathway Guide for each state’s rule.
- Electrical. No state requires the teacher to hold an electrician’s license to get the teaching credential, though Michigan expects a current license in licensed fields and North Carolina requires OSHA 10-Hour Construction and NCCER instructor certification before teaching.
Nurse aide lead instructor
The person you need is a registered nurse with long-term care experience who wants to teach, and who meets both your state’s nurse aide trainer rule and its CTE teaching credential. Published postings from career centers in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and Texas share the same core requirements.
Required in every state
- A current, unrestricted RN license in your state.
- Nursing experience that meets your state’s trainer rule. In most of these states that means 2 years as an RN including 1 year in long-term care; Arizona asks for 1 year of RN direct care plus an RN coordinator with long-term care experience.
- A course in teaching adults, or experience teaching adults or supervising nurse aides.
- Eligibility for your state’s CTE teaching credential in health science (see the table above).
- Clearances your state and clinical sites require, such as a criminal history check and TB test.
Worth looking for
- Recent work in a nursing home, long-term care unit or geriatric setting, since that is where clinicals happen.
- Experience as a preceptor, staff educator or charge nurse who has trained aides.
- Comfort with state exam preparation and program paperwork, since the instructor usually runs both.
- Willingness to advise HOSA or another student organization.
Typical duties named in postings
- Teach the state nurse aide curriculum in the classroom and skills lab.
- Supervise students on site during clinicals at the required ratio.
- Prepare students for the state competency exam and manage testing logistics.
- Keep the records the nursing agency requires for program approval.
- Build and keep relationships with clinical sites.
Contract and pay. Career center postings are usually 10-month or 180 to 190-day contracts on the teacher salary schedule. Hourly roles in adult programs pay well below RN market wages; one Ohio center advertised $25 an hour (C-TEC of Licking County). The pay section below shows the gap in each state.
Electrical instructor
The person you need is an experienced electrician who can run a safe shop and teach code and wiring to teenagers. A high school diploma is the stated education floor in most postings reviewed, and 4 years of wage-earning trade experience is the most common experience floor.
Required
- Years of electrical work that meet your state’s CTE credential (see the table above). Pennsylvania centers ask for 4 years of full-time wage-earning experience beyond apprenticeship training (Berks CTC).
- Eligibility for your state’s CTE teaching credential in trade and industrial or construction.
- In North Carolina, OSHA 10-Hour Construction and NCCER instructor certification before teaching.
- Clearances required by your state.
Worth looking for
- A journeyman or master license where your state or city licenses electricians. Some postings require it (Canadian Valley Technology Center, Virginia Department of Corrections). Requiring it narrows your pool where licensing is local, as in Pennsylvania, Arizona and Missouri.
- Recent experience, often stated as within the last 5 years.
- Commercial or industrial experience as well as residential.
- Experience training apprentices or leading a crew.
- NCCER instructor certification, if your program uses NCCER curriculum.
Typical duties named in postings
- Teach residential, commercial and industrial wiring, the National Electrical Code, blueprint reading, and motors and controls.
- Run a safe shop and teach safety, including OSHA-10.
- Prepare students for industry credentials.
- Advise SkillsUSA and work with the program advisory committee.
- Help place students in jobs, apprenticeships and work-based learning.
Contract and pay. Postings show 187 to 190-day contracts on the teacher salary schedule, with placement based on experience under the local agreement. At the median, electricians in most of these states earn about what CTE teachers earn, so pay is less of a barrier than in nursing. Experienced or union electricians earn more.
When you cannot find a qualified instructor
If you cannot hire your own instructor, you can still give students the pathway by using someone else’s approved program or qualified staff. For nurse aide, no option removes the requirement for a qualified RN, so the realistic choices are a regional center or a partner that already holds program approval.
| Option | How it works | Who teaches | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regional center | Students attend part of the day at a center run by a regional body, and your district pays tuition or a member share. | Center staff, under the center’s program approval | Both pathways, where a center exists (MI ISD centers, PA CTCs, AZ CTED central campuses, MO area career centers, VA regional and joint schools) |
| Dual enrollment | Students take the course from a community college, on campus or at your school. | College faculty | Nurse aide where the college accepts high school students; check college age limits, often 17 or 18 |
| Certified training provider | You contract with a college, facility or apprenticeship sponsor that already holds approval. | The provider’s approved instructors | Nurse aide in Hawaii, where certified high school programs run through providers such as Leeward Community College; electrical through apprenticeship sponsors |
| Industry adjunct with a teacher of record | A certified teacher stays responsible for the course while an industry professional teaches part of it. | Certified teacher plus industry expert | Electrical; in Michigan a certified teacher must deliver more than half the course |
| Grow your own | You sponsor a staff member or industry professional through the teaching credential. | Your new hire, on a temporary credential | Both, over 1 to 5 years; nursing experience rules cannot be shortened |
| Online theory plus local supervision | A provider delivers classroom content online, and qualified staff supervise lab and clinical time in person. | Online provider plus on-site supervisors | Nurse aide classroom hours only where the state allows; clinical hours stay in person with an RN everywhere |
State tools worth knowing
- North Carolina lets districts contract adjunct CTE instructors who need no teaching license, up to 20 hours a week or five consecutive months, after a criminal history check and preservice training (G.S. 115C-157.1). A nurse aide adjunct must still be a DHSR-qualified RN. North Carolina’s community colleges also offer tuition-waived Nurse Aide I to juniors and seniors through Career and College Promise.
- Virginia created a three-year license that lets college instructors teach CTE and dual enrollment courses in high schools while they stay employed at the college (Va. Code 22.1-299.6:1).
- Michigan lets guest instructors teach part of a course as long as a certified, endorsed teacher delivers more than half of it (MDE guidance). Its Future Proud Michigan Educator grow-your-own grants pay tuition and related costs for staff earning certification (MDE).
- Arizona CTEDs can deliver programs at central campuses or on member district campuses and can contract with community colleges (A.R.S. 15-393).
- Pennsylvania lets an LPN deliver most nurse aide training only under a qualified RN supervisor who is reachable during instruction (PDE).
Recruiting and keeping industry hires
In the six states with a published CTE teacher wage, a registered nurse at the median earns $17,000 to $37,000 a year more than a secondary CTE teacher, and the gap in Hawaii is larger still, so a nurse aide instructor search usually needs a pay strategy. Electricians at the median earn about the same as CTE teachers or less.
Registered nurses out-earn CTE teachers in every state; electricians earn about the same
Median annual wage, May 2025. Right column: how much more the median RN earns than the median CTE teacher.
Show the numbers
| State | Secondary CTE teacher | Electrician | Registered nurse | RN minus teacher |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | $62,980 | $61,060 | $99,500 | +$36,520 |
| North Carolina | $58,600 | $56,800 | $84,350 | +$25,750 |
| Missouri | $59,300 | $65,410 | $81,780 | +$22,480 |
| Pennsylvania | $75,760 | $67,600 | $96,430 | +$20,670 |
| Virginia | $75,580 | $62,900 | $93,600 | +$18,020 |
| Michigan | $77,400 | $76,270 | $94,300 | +$16,900 |
| Hawaii (teacher = all secondary) | $74,310 | $96,460 | $136,320 | +$62,010 |
Credit for industry years. Your strongest pay lever is usually where you place an industry hire on the salary schedule. North Carolina credits relevant non-teaching work for CTE teachers, one year of credit for every two years worked before a bachelor’s degree and one for one after it, verified by the district (Cabarrus County Schools). In the other states, step placement for industry experience is mostly set by your local salary schedule or bargaining agreement, so check yours before you post.
Support in the first two years. New CTE teachers leave most often, and industry hires report that lesson planning and workload are the hardest adjustments. The credential routes already build in some support you can use:
- Michigan’s Annual Career Authorization requires a mentor and an individual development plan every year.
- Missouri’s temporary certificate requires district mentoring over at least two years.
- North Carolina’s CTE New Teacher Institute is a two-year coaching cohort that counts toward the license.
Hiring on a realistic timeline. The Tennessee directors’ report recommends using your program advisory committee to find candidates, finishing hires by April or May, letting candidates shadow a CTE classroom before an offer, and including a teaching demonstration in the interview (Tennessee Department of Education, 2016).
Templates
Copy these into your district’s own format and fill in the bracketed items.
Job posting outline
| Section | What to include |
|---|---|
| Title and setting | [Nurse Aide / Health Science Instructor] or [Electrical Instructor] at [school or center], [grades], [contract length in days] |
| About the program | What students do, the credential they can earn, clinical or worksite partners, and dual enrollment links |
| Required | State license (RN, or electrical license where required), years of field experience that meet your state’s CTE credential, the nurse aide trainer rule for health science, and eligibility for the CTE teaching credential named in this toolkit’s state table |
| Preferred | Long-term care or commercial experience, experience training adults or apprentices, NCCER or similar instructor certification, student organization advising |
| Duties | Teaching and lab or shop safety, clinical or worksite supervision, exam preparation, program records, partner relationships, advisory committee work |
| Credential support | State the route you will use (for example, Michigan Annual Career Authorization or Pennsylvania Experience-Based certificate), who applies, and the coursework the hire must finish and by when |
| Pay and placement | Salary range, how industry years count toward step placement, and any tuition support for required coursework |
| How to apply | Documents (resume, license copy, verification of work hours from past employers) and the interview steps, including a teaching demonstration |
Interview questions
- Walk us through a skill you have taught to a new aide, apprentice or coworker. How did you know they had learned it?
- Teach us a 10-minute lesson on [a basic skill, such as taking a radial pulse or wiring a single-pole switch] as you would for 16-year-olds.
- A student is about to make an unsafe move in the lab or at the clinical site. What do you do in the moment and afterward?
- How would you keep track of the hours, skills sign-offs and records the state requires for this program?
- Which employers or facilities in our area do you know, and how would you approach them about clinical or worksite placements?
- What do you expect will be hardest about moving from [nursing / the trade] into teaching, and what support would help?
First-year support plan
| When | Support | Who |
|---|---|---|
| Before day one | Credential application filed; coursework enrollment confirmed; classroom management and lesson planning basics; shadow a CTE teacher | District HR, CTE director |
| First 9 weeks | Weekly check-ins with an experienced CTE mentor; co-plan the first units; observe and be observed | Mentor |
| Rest of year one | Biweekly mentoring; one peer observation per quarter; progress check on required coursework | Mentor, principal |
| Year two | Monthly mentoring; finish required coursework; plan an industry externship to keep skills current | Mentor, CTE director |
Quick reference by pathway
One row per pathway. Each pathway guide has the full state-by-state detail; rows are added as new guides are completed.
| Pathway | Who usually teaches | Experience gate (range across the seven states) | Add-ons beyond the CTE credential | Pathway guide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurse aide | A registered nurse | RN license, plus the regulator’s trainer requirements (typically 2 years as an RN, including long-term care experience) | Nurse aide regulator approves each instructor | Nurse aide guide |
| Electrical | An experienced electrician on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan; Missouri with a bachelor’s) to 8,000 hours (Pennsylvania without a degree). North Carolina counts 2 to 6 years depending on degree; Hawaii 3 years; Virginia a license or apprenticeship plus 2 years. | NCCER instructor certification if teaching NCCER; OSHA-10 before teaching in North Carolina | Electrical guide |
| EMT | A paramedic or EMS educator, or a CTE health teacher paired with a partner’s EMS instructors | EMS office rules: for example, 3 years of patient care (Michigan instructor-coordinator); paramedic, RN or physician with 2 years (Missouri) | State EMS coordinator or instructor credential; physician medical director for the program | EMT guide |
| Welding | An experienced welder on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina 2 to 6 years by degree; Hawaii 3 years | North Carolina: pass AWS weld tests or hold CWE, CWI or SCWI; AWS CWE or CWI is useful everywhere | Welding guide |
| Construction / carpentry | An experienced tradesperson on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina 2 to 6 years by degree; Hawaii 3 years | NCCER instructor certification if teaching NCCER; North Carolina: OSHA-10 before teaching | Construction and carpentry guide |
| HVAC/R | An experienced HVAC technician on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina 2 to 6 years by degree; Hawaii 3 years | EPA 608 Universal to supervise refrigerant work; North Carolina: OSHA-10 before teaching and NCCER instructor certification | HVAC guide |
| Cybersecurity / networking | An IT professional on the state IT route, or a CS or business teacher who earns the certifications | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina requires a related bachelor’s plus 2 years or associate plus 4; Virginia requires a business certificate or associate degree plus 2 years | The industry certifications the course teaches toward; a CS certificate in Pennsylvania if the course carries math or science credit | Cybersecurity and networking guide |
| Programming / computer science | A CS-credentialed teacher or an IT professional on the CTE route | Academic CS credential (Praxis 5652 in several states) or CTE IT experience: 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina requires a degree | Pennsylvania requires the CS 7-12 certificate for new CS hires; Arizona requires a CS endorsement when CS is the primary assignment | Programming and computer science guide |
| Automotive service technology | An experienced technician on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina 2 to 6 years by degree; Arizona 6,000 hours without a degree; Hawaii 3 years | North Carolina: ASE A4, A5, A6 and G1 within 6 months of hire, and no provisional license. ASE certifications plus 20 update hours a year if you seek ASE accreditation | Automotive guide |
| Medical and dental assisting | A health science teacher, often a credentialed medical or dental assistant or a nurse | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); Virginia requires a practitioner license or certification plus a bachelor’s or 2 years of experience | Arizona: Health Careers CTE certificate. Virginia: confirm with the agency that a CCMA or CDA counts. North Carolina dental assisting: a Dental Board approved course with a dentist supervising | Medical and dental assisting guide |
| Cosmetology | A licensed cosmetologist who also holds the board’s instructor license | Board instructor rules: Michigan 3 years plus 600 training hours; Arizona 1 year plus 350; Hawaii 1 year plus 600; North Carolina 1 year of practice or 800 hours; Pennsylvania 500 hours; Virginia a methods course or exam | The board instructor license on top of the CTE credential in every state. Pennsylvania deems teachers who meet PDE standards to meet its 500 hours; Missouri requires a teacher seminar every 2 years | Cosmetology guide |
| Agriculture | A certified agricultural education teacher from a university program | Mostly degree-based: Virginia 39 agriculture credit hours plus 2,000 work hours; North Carolina and Pennsylvania ag education licenses; Michigan CTE certification or 4,000 hours; Hawaii 3 years | Virginia: an industry certification for initial licensure (provisional license while you earn it). Michigan ag mechanics: discuss placement with MDE first. Arizona: Cooperative Education Endorsement for co-op sections | Agriculture guide |
| Early childhood education | A family and consumer sciences teacher or an early childhood professional on the CTE route | 4,000 hours (Michigan); Pennsylvania 4 years, or 2 years plus a bachelor’s; Hawaii 3 years. Endorsement areas in Virginia, North Carolina and Missouri: confirm with the agency | Pennsylvania: FCS 5600 or CTE Child Care Services 2216. A lab preschool usually needs a child care license; check its staff rules with the licensing agency | Early childhood education guide |
| Culinary arts and hospitality | An experienced chef or food service professional on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); Arizona 6,000 without a degree; Missouri 4,000 to 6,000 by degree; Hawaii 3 years | No occupational license for cooks. An instructor ServSafe Manager rule is not confirmed in any state (North Carolina and Hawaii: confirm with the agency) | Culinary arts and hospitality guide |
| Machining and mechatronics | An experienced machinist or maintenance technician on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); Arizona 6,000 without a degree; Missouri 4,000 to 6,000 by degree; Hawaii 3 years | No occupational license. Vendor instructor training for the credential you teach: NIMS, FANUC CERT, Siemens partner status or SACA | Machining and mechatronics guide |
| Engineering and drafting | A technology education teacher for engineering courses, or a drafter or engineer on the CTE route | Virginia: an engineering-related bachelor’s plus 15 credits; North Carolina: bachelor’s plus 2 years (820), or 2 to 6 years by degree for drafting (74070); Pennsylvania 8,000 hours, or 4,000 plus a bachelor’s; Missouri 4,000 to 6,000 | North Carolina drafting: CSWA-Academic or ACU Inventor, plus ACU AutoCAD and ACU Revit, before the initial license expires. Virginia: an industry certification for initial licensure | Engineering and drafting guide |
| Firefighting | A firefighter with state fire instructor credentials | North Carolina 2 to 6 years of public safety work by degree; Pennsylvania 4 years, volunteer firefighting included; Arizona 6,000 hours without a degree; Missouri fire instructor 3 years; Hawaii 3 years | State fire instructor credential: NCOSFM Qualified Fire Instructor (North Carolina), Fire Instructor I or evaluator (Arizona). Pennsylvania: a State Academy instructor on site for live burns. Michigan and Virginia: confirm with the agency | Firefighting guide |
| Law, public safety and corrections | A former law enforcement or public safety professional on an industry-based route | 4,000 hours (Michigan) to 8,000 (Pennsylvania); North Carolina 2 to 6 years of public safety work by degree; Arizona 6,000 hours without a degree; Missouri 4,000 to 6,000 by degree | North Carolina: a public safety credential before teaching (law enforcement certification, CERT, Qualified Fire Instructor, EMT Instructor or IFPO); provisional license allowed. Virginia endorsement: confirm with the agency | Law, public safety and corrections guide |
| Business management and marketing | A business or marketing education teacher on an academic license | Mostly degree-based. Work-experience backups: 4,000 hours (Michigan), 6,000 without a degree (Arizona), 2 years on the Technical Professional License (Virginia) | Virginia: an industry certification for initial licensure (provisional license while you earn it). Pennsylvania: cooperative education certification for co-op. Hawaii: CTE-Business Management, Finance, and Marketing field | Business management and marketing guide |
| Entrepreneurship | A business or marketing education teacher | Michigan 2 years of recent experience for the CTE endorsement; North Carolina bachelor’s plus 2 years or associate plus 4; Arizona 6,000 hours without a degree; Missouri 4,000 to 6,000 by degree | Virginia: an industry credential for first-time licensees. Pennsylvania: Marketing (Distributive) Education 1666 covers small business ownership. Which license fits each course: confirm with the agency | Entrepreneurship guide |
Review status and sources
State rules were checked against agency pages, administrative code and statute on October 2, 2026. The Pennsylvania Experience-Based term and the Missouri CTAC name were confirmed on October 3, 2026. Items still under review:
- Arizona: whether Option C coursework is due within 3 years (rule) or 4 years (ADE’s 2026 checklist).
- North Carolina: which license code covers the IC41 to IC43 Electrical Trades courses, and whether the 2025 manual dropped the experience recency windows in the 2024 manual.
- Michigan: whether NCCER or another industry certification satisfies the industry-certification option for an electrical Annual Career Authorization (in a licensed field, MDE requires a professional license or an industry certification).
- Hawaii: whether CTE Permit holders have any required coursework.
- Michigan: whether Future Proud Michigan Educator grants can pay coursework for Annual Career Authorization holders.
- Virginia’s three-year license for college instructors (Va. Code 22.1-299.6:1) is new; confirm its effective date.
Sources
- Credential rules: MDE Annual Career Authorization · MDE recent and relevant experience guideline · 8VAC20-23-50 · NC DPI CTE Licensure Manual 2025 · A.A.C. R7-2-612 · ADE CTE certification checklist · PDE Career and Technical Certification · DESE career education certification · HTSB licenses and permits
- PDE CSPG 66, Career and Technical Intern and Instructional Certificates (Dec. 2025) (checked Oct. 3, 2026)
- Delivery options: MDE noncertified personnel guidance · G.S. 115C-157.1 · Va. Code 22.1-299.6:1 · A.R.S. 15-393 · PDE nurse aide instructor guidelines
- Wages: BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025 state estimates (bls.gov/oes).
- Research: CALDER 2023 · AERA Open 2026 · Educational Researcher 2024 · EdWorkingPaper 23-859 · Tennessee Department of Education 2016
- Postings reviewed: 8 nurse aide or health science and 8 electrical postings from career centers and districts in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Oklahoma, Illinois, Texas and Virginia, listed in the project’s research notes.
Checklist for this toolkit
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